The burning starts before you can see anything. Hours later, three or four tight little bumps sit along the side of a finger, and you are standing at the sink deciding whether this is worth a doctor's visit. Vesicular hand eczema, meaning hand eczema that forms small fluid-filled blisters, is common and disruptive enough to make washing dishes, typing, or shaking hands genuinely uncomfortable.
You already know the cycle. Blisters rise, they dry, the skin peels in sheets, your hands clear, and weeks later it starts again. What almost nobody tells you is the part that changes everything: not every blister on your hand is eczema, and several look-alikes get worse with the exact cream you were about to reach for.
So this guide triages first and treats second. You will learn how to read the blister itself, sort the four dermatitis patterns that blister hands, rule out seven mimics, and then follow stage-specific care. For broader context, see how eczema behaves differently by body location.
Here is why identification matters so much. In one series of 300 hand eczema patients, nearly 4 in 10 (39.3%) reacted to something on a patch test, a skin test that tapes suspect chemicals to the back to see what the immune system flags, and in 27.7% that reaction mattered clinically. Recurrent vesicular hand eczema was among the subtypes most likely to test positive.[4]
Key Takeaways
- Thick palmar skin traps inflammatory fluid, so hands blister instead of scaling.
- Four dermatitis patterns blister hands, and each responds to different care.
- Seven mimics copy eczema blisters, and some worsen with steroid creams.
- Leave unbroken blisters alone, because the roof protects the healing skin.
- Most flares move through a vesicle-to-peeling cycle over several weeks.
Table of Contents
What Dermatitis Blisters on Hands Actually Are
Dermatitis blisters on hands are small fluid-filled sacs that form inside the epidermis, the outer layer of your skin, when inflammation pushes watery fluid between skin cells faster than the skin can clear it. On palms and finger sides, that fluid cannot escape, so it pools into tight, deep-seated vesicles that look like grains of tapioca under the surface.[1]
The technical name for the process is spongiosis, and the word fits, since inflamed skin holds fluid the way a sponge does. Inflammatory signals loosen the seals between keratinocytes, the tile-like cells that make up your outer skin. Fluid then seeps into the gaps and the gaps merge into one visible blister, much like grout washing out between bathroom tiles until water pools underneath.[1]
That single mechanism sits underneath every pattern in this article, which is why so many of them look alike at a glance.
Blister vocabulary your dermatologist uses:
- Vesicle: a fluid-filled blister smaller than 5 mm across.
- Bulla: a fluid-filled blister larger than 5 mm.
- Erosion: the shallow raw area left after a blister roof tears off.
- Desquamation: the sheet-like peeling that follows once the fluid resolves.
Vesicles vs. Bullae: Size Changes the Diagnosis
Size is a real diagnostic clue, not just a description. Crops of tiny 1 to 2 mm vesicles clustered on the sides of fingers point toward eczematous dermatitis. Large, tense bullae that appear suddenly shift suspicion toward a chemical or physical injury, an infection, or an autoimmune blistering disease.
Blistering also tells you about timing, since it marks an acute, actively inflamed stage rather than a different disease. The dry, cracked hands you get in other months are usually the same condition in a quieter phase.
Why Palms Blister When Other Areas Just Scale
Eczema on your forearm oozes a little, crusts, then flakes, but eczema on your palm balloons instead, and the reason is structural. Skin on the palms and soles carries a much thicker stratum corneum, the tough outer layer of dead cells, than skin on the forearm or trunk. Imaging studies even place the palm in its own measurement group, separate from forearm and wrist sites.[2] Palms also have no hair follicles, so there is no built-in drainage channel. Picture a paved lot with no storm drain: the water has to sit somewhere.
What this means for your skin: the fluid has nowhere to go, so it lifts the skin instead of escaping it.[2]
One more myth deserves correction. The word "dyshidrotic" sounds like it means blocked sweat ducts, but when these blisters are examined under a microscope, the fluid sits between skin cells and the sweat glands are not plugged at all.[3] Sweating is a trigger, not the plumbing failure the name suggests.
Knowing the mechanism narrows nothing on its own. Four different dermatitis patterns produce that same trapped vesicle, and because they do not respond to the same plan, the next step is working out which one is sitting on your hands.
The 4 Blistering Dermatitis Patterns on Your Hands
Three questions sort most cases: where the blisters sit, whether both hands are involved, and how soon they showed up after an exposure. If your hands seem to fit two descriptions at once, that is normal. In one multicentre study of chronic hand eczema, specialists could assign a clear pattern in fewer than 1 in 3 patients (29%), with recurrent vesicular eczema among the most common, and they stressed that these patterns often overlap and shift over time.[5]
| Pattern | What the blisters look like | Distribution & symmetry | Timing clue | What it responds to |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dyshidrotic eczema (pompholyx) | Deep 1 to 2 mm tapioca vesicles, clear fluid | Palms and lateral fingers, usually both hands | Self-limited cycles lasting several weeks | Anti-inflammatory care plus sweat and trigger control |
| Vesicular allergic contact dermatitis | Vesicles on a red, swollen, sharply itchy base | Often asymmetric, shaped to the contact site | Appears 24 to 72 hours after exposure[6] | Allergen removal guided by patch testing[4] |
| Bullous irritant contact dermatitis | Larger, tense blisters with glazed red skin | Sharply limited to the exposed area | Burning starts within minutes to hours[8] | Stopping the exposure and barrier repair |
| Id reaction (autoeczematization) | Symmetric crops of small itchy vesicles | Both palms and finger sides at once | Follows an active rash or foot fungus elsewhere | Treating the distant primary site |
Dyshidrotic Eczema (Pompholyx): Deep, Symmetric, Tapioca-Like
This is the classic pattern. Intense itch or a pins-and-needles burn arrives first, then crops of deep clear vesicles appear on the palms and along the sides of the fingers, almost always on both hands. Flares tend to be self-limited, gradually drying and peeling over the following weeks. Recurrence is common, and some people notice their flares seem to line up with heat and sweating. For the full ladder of options, see dyshidrotic eczema's full treatment options.
Vesicular Allergic Contact Dermatitis: The 24-to-72-Hour Clue
Allergic contact dermatitis is a delayed immune reaction, so the rash shows up a day to three days after the exposure that caused it.[6] That lag is why people blame the wrong product. On hands, nickel and cobalt are among the most frequently positive allergens in patch-tested hand dermatitis.[7] Other common culprits include the chemicals that keep rubber gloves stretchy (thiurams and carbamates), epoxy resin, and methylisothiazolinone, a preservative found in many soaps and wipes. Look at shape: fingertips, web spaces, or the backs of the hands in a pattern that matches what you touch. Read more on contact dermatitis treatment.
Bullous Irritant Reactions: Burning Over Itching
An irritant reaction needs no allergy at all. It is direct chemical or physical damage, and the severity tracks the dose and contact time. A systematic review found moderate-quality evidence that wet work raises the odds of irritant contact dermatitis by roughly half (odds ratio 1.56), with most of that research done among metalworkers, hairdressers, healthcare staff, and food handlers.[8] The tell is quality of sensation. Irritant reactions burn and sting more than they itch, and the border stops exactly where the chemical stopped.
Id Reaction: When Hand Blisters Come From Somewhere Else
Sometimes your hands are innocent bystanders. In an id reaction, also called autoeczematization, a rash or fungal infection somewhere else on the body sets off a matching crop of blisters on both palms, and those blisters are sterile, meaning there is no infection inside them. It is a smoke alarm going off in the hallway while the toast is burning in the kitchen. A fungal infection on the feet, such as athlete's foot, is often suspected as a trigger, and treating the underlying infection may help the hand eruption resolve. If you have itchy, scaling, or blistering on the soles of the feet at the same time, check there first.
⚠️ The asymmetry rule:
Blisters on one hand only are much less likely to be pompholyx and much more likely to be contact, fungal, or infectious in origin.[12]
Clinical Pearl: In practice, mapping the blisters before treating changes the plan more often than choosing a stronger cream does. Photograph your hands in daylight at the start of a flare, then again at day three. Distribution shifts tell you whether an exposure is still happening.
📚 Related Resource
See our guide: What Is Dyshidrotic Eczema and How Is It Treated
Pattern recognition only helps if what you are looking at is dermatitis in the first place. Because a handful of other conditions blister hands almost identically, and some of them worsen under a steroid cream, the next section is the one that protects you.
7 Conditions That Mimic Dermatitis Blisters on Hands
If this flare feels different, hotter, more painful, or stuck on a single finger, trust that instinct. The conditions below blister hands and get misread as eczema constantly, and several of them get worse when treated with a steroid cream alone.
- Herpetic whitlow, a cold sore virus infection on a finger: grouped vesicles with throbbing pain out of proportion to the rash.[9]
- Eczema herpeticum: uniform punched-out erosions spreading over existing eczema, often with fever.[10]
- Hand, foot and mouth disease: mouth sores plus palm and sole vesicles after a day or two of fever and feeling run down.[11]
- Bullous tinea manuum, a fungal infection of the hand: usually one hand only, with a raised scaly advancing edge.[12]
- Bullous impetigo: floppy, easily broken blisters that rupture into honey-colored crust.[14]
- Scabies: burrows and vesicles in finger web spaces with fierce night itch.[15]
- Friction, burns, and autoimmune blistering disease: single-site trauma blisters, or tense bullae in an older adult.
Infections That Look Like Eczema Blisters
Herpes simplex on a finger produces tight grouped vesicles on a red base, and the pain is the giveaway. It hurts far more than a pompholyx crop of the same size.[9] Eczema herpeticum is the emergency version. When herpes simplex spreads across skin already inflamed by eczema, it creates crops of identical punched-out sores, sometimes with fever and a wiped-out feeling, and it needs same-day antiviral treatment.[10]
Hand, foot and mouth disease adds oral ulcers and a fever, and adults catch it from children more often than people expect.[11] Bullous impetigo comes from a toxin made by staph bacteria, which is why it produces fragile blisters and honey-colored crusting, and it spreads fast.[14] That last one is worth knowing about before you decide when eczema needs antibiotics.
Fungal and Parasitic Mimics
Tinea manuum is the great imitator. It typically involves one hand with an active scaly border, and the classic "two feet, one hand" pattern points straight at it.[12] A steroid cream calms the redness while the fungus quietly spreads, creating what doctors call tinea incognito, a fungal infection so disguised it no longer looks like fungus.[13] Think of painting over a damp patch on a wall: the stain disappears, but the leak keeps spreading behind it. Scabies favors the finger web spaces, wrists, and sides of fingers, and household members usually itch too.[15]
Blisters That Are Not Inflammatory At All
Some hand blisters have nothing to do with inflammation at all. Friction and burn blisters sit at a single spot, match an event you remember, and do not come back in crops. Autoimmune blistering disease is rarer but worth knowing about, since bullous pemphigoid mostly affects older adults and produces large, tense bullae that sometimes involve the mouth or eyes. Confirming it takes an exam and a small skin biopsy, not a cream.
⚠️ Three findings that should stop self-treatment today:
Blisters on one hand only, pain out of proportion to how the rash looks, or any fever. Each one shifts the odds toward infection.[9]
| Mimic | Distinguishing feature | Why it matters |
|---|---|---|
| Herpetic whitlow | One digit, grouped vesicles, severe pain | Needs antivirals, not steroid monotherapy[9] |
| Eczema herpeticum | Uniform punched-out erosions, systemic symptoms | Urgent care required[10] |
| Hand, foot and mouth | Mouth ulcers plus palm and sole lesions | Self-limited but contagious[11] |
| Bullous tinea manuum | One hand, scaly advancing border | Steroids cause tinea incognito[13] |
| Bullous impetigo | Floppy blisters, honey-colored crust | Needs antibacterial treatment[14] |
| Scabies | Web-space burrows, night itch, contacts itch | Steroids mask it while mites spread[15] |
| Autoimmune bullous disease | Large tense bullae, older adult | Typically requires biopsy and systemic therapy |
Once you have ruled these out, the treatment question changes shape, because treating a tight new blister the way you treat peeling skin can stall the whole flare. It is no longer "which cream" but "which stage."
How to Treat Dermatitis Blisters on Hands, Stage by Stage
Most people reach for a cream on day one and then wonder why it barely helped. Usually the problem is timing rather than strength, since skin that is tight with fluid, skin that is weeping, and skin that is shedding in flakes each need something different from you.
If you do only one thing: leave intact blisters intact and cool them.
- Cool, do not pop: apply a cool wet compress for 10 to 15 minutes, two or three times daily.
- Calm the inflammation: apply an anti-inflammatory cream to intact, unbroken skin.
- Protect the erosions: cover ruptured areas with a non-adherent dressing (a pad that will not stick to raw skin).
- Rebuild the barrier: moisturize twice daily during and between flares, at every severity level.
- Remove the driver: change the gloves, soaps, or exposures you flagged earlier in this guide.
Stage 1: Intact Blisters, Do Not Pop Them
An intact blister roof acts as a natural protective barrier over the healing skin beneath it, essentially a bandage your body made itself and fitted perfectly. Many clinicians recommend leaving that roof in place, since popping a vesicle strips the covering away and opens a door for bacteria.
Cool compresses give real relief in this phase. For dense crops of vesicles, aluminum acetate (Burow's) soaks have long been used for their astringent (mildly drying), soothing, and antibacterial properties, though the published support is largely traditional use and case reports rather than trials in hand eczema.[16] A clinician may sterilely drain a large tense bulla to relieve pressure while leaving the roof intact. That is a procedure, not a home step.
Stage 2: Weeping and Eroded Skin
Once a blister tears, the goal shifts to calming inflammation without stripping the skin. Short astringent compresses help, then stop. Over-drying an eroded surface delays healing, and we cover that debate in detail in why drying out weeping skin backfires.
Cover erosions with a non-adherent dressing so the skin does not stick to gloves or bedding. Wash with lukewarm water and a fragrance-free non-soap cleanser, then pat dry, paying attention to the web spaces. Do not apply topical products directly to openly broken or bleeding skin.
Stage 3: The Peeling Phase Nobody Warns You About
This is the stage that catches people off guard. The blisters vanish, the itch fades, and then your palms shed in ragged collars of dead skin. Resist pulling at them. Peeling a loose flap tears the living skin underneath and creates the painful cracks that come next.
Instead, moisturize heavily, seal the cracks, and try cotton gloves overnight on top of a thick layer of emollient (a plain moisturizer) to hold the moisture in. Sealing damp skin under a layer like this can also increase how much of a topical medicine gets absorbed, at least in laboratory skin-penetration studies, where even the order of application changed the result.[17] Steady moisturizing between flares is widely recommended for hand eczema, and it is the easiest step to underestimate. Practical guidance on choosing a hand cream for dermatitis helps at this point.
Days 1-3
Itch and burning, then crops of deep vesicles appear.
Days 4-10
Vesicles flatten and dry. Itch usually eases.
Later Weeks
Sheet-like peeling, tender new skin, cracks in the finger creases.
Ongoing
Barrier rebuild. Twice-daily moisturizing continues here.
Why Palm Skin Needs Different Potency Than Your Face
That thick stratum corneum protecting your palms also blocks absorption. Palmar skin is generally considered far less permeable to topical drugs than facial or flexural skin, which is why palm treatment often calls for stronger products than you would ever put near your eyes.
Here is the tension. Strong steroids, used for long stretches or sealed under gloves, carry a real risk of thinning the skin. One systematic review found visible thinning in only about 1 in 500 treated eczema patches, but in roughly 1 in 3 of the sites where steroids were applied to healthy skin, with strength and sealing driving the risk.[18] When your flares recur every few weeks, that math stops working. A long-term-safe daily option matters more than raw strength, which is the design problem HarlanMD set out to solve.
SmartLotion for Blistering Hand Dermatitis
SmartLotion pairs a low dose of hydrocortisone (0.75%) to calm inflammation with a base of glycerin, sulfur, and grapefruit seed extract meant to support the skin microbiome, the community of harmless bacteria living on your skin. It also carries enough moisturizer that you do not need a separate layer underneath. That design suits the stop-and-start nature of vesicular hand dermatitis, and it is available as an eczema cream option.
The sulfur matters specifically here. Because hand flares come back, whatever you use has to stay tolerable over many cycles, so the formula keeps the steroid dose low and leans on the sulfur base with the thinning risk of repeated steroid use in mind. That reasoning has not been tested in published head-to-head trials. SmartLotion can be used across severity levels and ages, and it layers with any prescription your dermatologist adds.
Two honest notes. Some people feel mild stinging on the first few applications when skin is compromised, and it settles within a few uses. And you should not apply it, or any topical, to openly broken or bleeding skin. Step-by-step instructions live in Dr. Harlan's dyshidrotic eczema protocol.
| OTC option | Anti-inflammatory | Prebiotic / microbiome support | Moisturizes | Safe for long-term daily use | Effective at severe |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OTC moisturizers | No | No | Yes | Yes | No |
| OTC prebiotic moisturizers | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
| OTC 1% hydrocortisone | Yes | No | No | Limited | Mild only |
| SmartLotion | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
When Blisters Need Prescription-Level Treatment
Severe pompholyx sometimes needs more firepower at the start. Options include potent topical steroids sealed under gloves or wrap (called occlusion), a short oral steroid course for a disabling flare, phototherapy (treatment with measured doses of ultraviolet light), and referral for patch testing when flares keep returning.[4] In uncommon severe cases a short prescription bridge does the heavy lifting first, then you taper down to a daily maintenance treatment that is safe to keep using. If your case has already been through several rounds, read our deeper protocol for hand eczema that resists treatment.
After the Blisters Clear: Preventing the Next Flare
- Manage heat and trapped sweat: patients frequently name both as flare triggers.
- Use cotton-lined gloves for wet work: rubber alone traps sweat and adds accelerator allergens.[7]
- Limit nickel and cobalt contact: remove rings before washing and avoid prolonged metal handling.[7]
- Fix your wash technique: lukewarm water, non-soap cleanser, dry the web spaces, moisturize immediately.
- Get patch tested: when recurrence has no obvious explanation, testing finds relevant allergens in a large share of chronic hand dermatitis patients.[4]
📚 Related Resource
See our guide: the full picture of eczema on hands
Warning Signs: When Hand Blisters Need a Doctor
Prevention keeps most flares mild, but a few hand blisters are telling you something no cream can fix, so it helps to know which signs mean stop and call someone. If a blister throbs when you let your arm hang down, or the skin around it feels hot against the back of your other hand, pay attention. Start with the fluid. Clear fluid is expected, while cloudy or yellow fluid, pus, or honey-colored crust suggests bacteria have moved in.
⚠️ Get seen promptly if you notice:
Pus or cloudy blister fluid, expanding warmth or red streaking, fever, tender lymph nodes, pain out of proportion to the rash, or rapidly spreading uniform erosions.[10]
Signs of Secondary Infection
Appearance alone can mislead you. Staphylococcus aureus, a common skin bacterium, lives on eczema-affected skin far more often than on healthy skin, so finding some bacteria there is the norm rather than proof of infection.[19] What signals true secondary infection is change: new pain, new warmth, new spread, or fluid that turns opaque. It is the difference between an engine that has always idled loudly and one that suddenly starts making a new noise, so what matters is the direction things are moving, not a single snapshot. Non-infectious reasons to escalate include blisters on one hand only, large tense bullae, mouth or eye involvement, blisters that stop you working, or no improvement after two weeks of correct care.
What Your Dermatologist Will Check
- KOH scraping: a quick in-office test where a skin flake is checked under a microscope for fungus.[20]
- Bacterial or viral swab: confirms staph infection or herpes simplex.[10]
- Patch testing: identifies contact allergens driving recurrent vesicular flares.[4]
- Skin biopsy: reserved for suspected autoimmune blistering disease.
Each of those tests answers a different question, which is why two flares that look identical can end up with completely different plans. The questions below are the ones patients ask most often once they know what they are dealing with.
Frequently Asked Questions About Dermatitis Blisters on Hands
What do dermatitis blisters look like?
They look like deep-seated, clear, 1 to 2 mm bumps clustered on the palms and along the sides of the fingers, often compared to tapioca pearls. They sit under the skin rather than on top of it, and several can merge into a larger blister. Itching or burning usually starts before anything is visible.[1]
How do you get rid of dermatitis blisters on your hands?
Leave intact blisters alone, cool them with wet compresses, apply an anti-inflammatory treatment to unbroken skin, and remove whatever triggered the flare. Most cycles resolve gradually over several weeks with consistent care. For a single step that covers inflammation, microbiome support, and moisturizing at once, SmartLotion works as an eczema treatment cream you can keep using between flares.
Should you pop dermatitis blisters?
No. That roof works like a built-in bandage while the skin repairs itself underneath, so puncturing it opens a door for bacteria and can drag the flare out longer.
What triggers dyshidrotic eczema flares?
Common triggers include sweating and heat, wet work and frequent hand washing, nickel and cobalt exposure, rubber glove accelerators, stress, seasonal shifts, and an active fungal infection on the feet. Many people have more than one trigger operating at the same time.
Are dermatitis blisters on hands contagious?
Dermatitis itself is not contagious, so you cannot pass pompholyx or contact dermatitis to anyone. Several of the look-alikes are contagious, including herpetic whitlow, hand foot and mouth disease, impetigo, and scabies.[11] That is why identification comes before treatment.
How long do dermatitis blisters on hands last?
A typical flare runs several weeks from first vesicles through drying and peeling, and recurrence is common. Consistent moisturizing after a flare clears may help the skin hold up better next time, which is why many people keep an OTC eczema cream in daily maintenance rather than only reaching for it during a flare.
References
- Yatsuzuka K, Muto J, Murakami M. "Comments about the comparative bulk RNA sequencing between palmoplantar pustulosis and dyshidrotic palmoplantar eczema." F1000Research. 2024. View Study
- Webb RC, Pielak RM, Bastien P, et al. "Thermal Transport Characteristics of Human Skin Measured In Vivo Using Ultrathin Conformal Arrays of Thermal Sensors and Actuators." PLoS One. 2015;10(2):e0118131. View Study
- Behera B, Kumari R, Gochhait D, Ayyanar P. "Unilateral Pompholyx in a Patient of Anterior Horn Disease: An Unusual Presentation." Dermatology Practical & Conceptual. 2021. View Study
- Phuong Pham Thi Minh, Trang Trinh Minh, Doanh Le Huu, et al. "Using Patch Testing to Improve Therapeutic Outcome in the Treatment of Hand Eczema in Vietnamese Patients." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences. 2019. View Study
- Gallo R, Guarneri F, Hansel K, et al. "Real-Life Workup of Chronic Hand Eczema Using a Dedicated Case Report Form: A SIDAPA Multicentre Study." Contact Dermatitis. 2026;94(6):662–676. View Study
- Martín A, Gallino N, Gagliardi J, et al. "Early inflammatory markers in elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis." BMC Dermatology. 2002. View Study
- Vilaplana J, Grimalt F, Romaguera C. "Cobalt, Nickel and PPD Sensitivity in Housewives' Hand Dermatitis." Current Topics in Contact Dermatitis. 1989. View Study
- Schütte MG, Tamminga SJ, de Groene GJ, Kezic S, van der Molen HF. "Work-related and personal risk factors for occupational contact dermatitis: A systematic review of the literature with meta-analysis." Contact Dermatitis. 2023 Mar;88(3):171-187. View Study
- Aljehani FH, Alharthi AM, AlDoboke AW, Bakhsh AA, Alharbi AZ. "Herpetic Whitlow Associated With an Eating Disorder: A Case Report." Cureus. 2023. View Study
- Vera-Kellet C, Hasbún C. "Eczema herpeticum: A medical emergency in patients with atopic dermatitis." IDCases. 2020. View Study
- Chiu H-H, Liu M-T, Chung W-H, et al. "The Mechanism of Onychomadesis (Nail Shedding) and Beau's Lines Following Hand-Foot-Mouth Disease." Viruses. 2019;11(6):522. View Study
- Mizumoto J. "Two Feet-One Hand Syndrome." Cureus. 2021;13(12):e20758. View Study
- Jadhav V, Mane PM, Patil SR. "Steroid-Modified Dermatophytosis: A Clinical and Diagnostic Challenge." Cureus. 2026;18(5):e108993. View Study
- Altaho N, AlQusaimi R. "Pediatric Bullous Impetigo: A Case Report and Literature Review." Cureus. 2025. View Study
- Cohen PR. "Classic and Non-classic (Surrepticius) Scabies: Diagnostic and Treatment Considerations." Cureus. 2020. View Study
- Aikenhead KJ, Johnson TL Jr. "Herpes zoster in a 6-month-old infant with 13-year follow-up: a retrospective case report." Journal of Chiropractic Medicine. 2011. View Study
- Rost DL, Barbalho GN, Andrade JFM, Cunha-Filho M, Gelfuso GM, Gratieri T. "The Influence of Moisturizer Co-Application Protocols on In Vitro Penetration of Betamethasone in Porcine Skin." Pharmaceutics. 2025;17(7):874. View Study
- Ricardo JW, Gosch M, Wang Y, et al. "Risk of skin atrophy induced by short-term topical corticosteroid use in atopic dermatitis lesional skin: A systematic review." JAAD International. 2023. View Study
- Park HY, Kim CR, Huh IS, Jung MY, Seo EY, Park JH, Lee DY, Yang JM. "Staphylococcus aureus Colonization in Acute and Chronic Skin Lesions of Patients with Atopic Dermatitis." Annals of Dermatology. 2013 Nov;25(4):410-416. View Study
- Noriki S, Ishida H. "Production of an anti-dermatophyte monoclonal antibody and its application: immunochromatographic detection of dermatophytes." Medical Mycology. 2016 Jun;54(8):808-815. View Study