Orders shipped same day
HSA/ FSA Accepted

What is Dyshidrotic Eczema? Complete Treatment Guide

What is Dyshidrotic Eczema? Complete Treatment Guide
By Lisa Jensen, Senior Clinical Research Associate •

For up to one in five people with hand eczema, the condition will develop into small, intensely itchy blisters that disrupt their daily lives[1]. That's millions of people struggling with a condition called dyshidrotic eczema, cycling through treatments that provide only temporary relief. The good news? Recent advances in understanding this unique form of eczema have opened new treatment possibilities.

You've likely tried topical steroids, heavy moisturizers, and maybe even phototherapy. Each promised improvement, yet the blisters keep returning. In fact, studies on chronic hand eczema reveal high rates of patient dissatisfaction with conventional therapies due to limited effectiveness and side effects[2]. You know the frustration of avoiding handshakes, hiding your hands, and canceling activities because of painful blisters. You're not imagining how difficult this is.

Here's what we'll explore: the science behind those mysterious blisters, why they form specifically on your hands and feet, and evidence-based treatments that address root causes. Research indicates that targeted therapeutic approaches can improve outcomes by up to 75% in previously treatment-resistant cases[3]. You'll also learn about identifying your personal triggers to prevent future flares. We'll separate fact from speculation, giving you the knowledge to make informed treatment decisions.

A groundbreaking 2023 study revealed that dyshidrotic eczema involves unique inflammatory pathways different from other eczema types, explaining why standard treatments often fail[4]. This discovery is changing how we approach treatment.

Key Takeaways

  • Dyshidrotic eczema affects 5-20% of all hand eczema cases[1] - making it more common than many realize
  • Metal allergies trigger flares in up to 30% of patients[23] - particularly nickel and cobalt exposure
  • The condition follows a predictable three-stage pattern[17] - understanding stages helps optimize treatment timing
  • Stress management reduces flare frequency by 40%[26] - emotional triggers are as important as physical ones
  • New treatments target the skin microbiome[44] - offering hope for those who haven't responded to traditional therapies

Table of Contents

What is Dyshidrotic Eczema?

Dyshidrotic eczema is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that causes small, intensely itchy blisters on the palms, fingers, and soles of the feet. Also known as pompholyx or vesicular eczema, it affects approximately 5-20% of people with hand eczema[1]. Unlike other forms of eczema, these blisters form deep within the skin rather than on the surface.

The medical term "dyshidrotic" comes from the Greek words meaning "difficult sweating," reflecting an early misconception that blocked sweat glands caused the condition. We now know this isn't true. Research shows the blisters result from spongiosis, a specific type of inflammation that causes fluid to accumulate between skin cells[6].

This condition typically affects adults between 20 and 40 years old[7], though it can occur at any age. Women develop dyshidrotic eczema twice as often as men[8]. About 50% of patients have a personal or family history of atopic dermatitis, suggesting a genetic component[9].

What makes dyshidrotic eczema particularly challenging is its unpredictable nature. Flares can last 3-4 weeks, with periods of remission between episodes[10]. Some people experience seasonal patterns, with worse symptoms during spring and summer when humidity levels rise[11]. If water exposure worsens your symptoms, see our guide on swimming and eczema for practical tips.

Clinical Insight: Recent studies using advanced imaging techniques have revealed that dyshidrotic eczema involves deeper skin layers than previously thought, explaining why surface treatments alone often fail[12].

Recognizing the Signs: Symptoms and Stages

Understanding the symptoms and progression of dyshidrotic eczema helps you recognize flares early and start treatment promptly. The condition follows a predictable pattern that varies in intensity from person to person.

Early Warning Signs

Before visible blisters appear, many people experience prodromal symptoms. These early warning signs occur 24-48 hours before blister formation[13]:

  • Intense itching or burning in specific areas of palms or soles
  • Tingling sensations under the skin
  • Mild redness in areas where blisters will form

Recognizing these early signs allows for preventive treatment that may reduce flare severity. Studies show that early intervention with high-potency topical corticosteroids is crucial to reduce the severity and duration of a flare[14].

Active Flare Symptoms

During active flares, symptoms intensify and become more disruptive to daily life:

Intense Itching

Often described as the most debilitating symptom, leading to significant sleep disruption

The characteristic blisters of dyshidrotic eczema have specific features that distinguish them from other conditions[15]. They appear as small, deep-seated vesicles, typically 1-2 millimeters in diameter. These blisters feel firm and are filled with clear fluid. They often cluster together, creating a "tapioca pudding" appearance.

Associated symptoms during flares include severe itching that worsens at night, burning or stinging sensations, swelling of affected areas, and pain when blisters are under pressure. Some patients also experience hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating) in affected areas[16].

The Three Stages of Dyshidrotic Eczema

Dyshidrotic eczema progresses through three distinct stages, each requiring different management approaches[17]:

Stage 1: Vesicular (Days 1-7)

Small, clear blisters form deep in the skin. Intense itching peaks during this stage. Blisters may merge to form larger bullae.

Stage 2: Drying (Days 8-14)

Blisters begin to dry and flatten. Skin starts peeling and flaking. Itching gradually decreases but skin remains tender.

Stage 3: Resolution (Days 15-28)

Skin regenerates and heals. Temporary hyperpigmentation may occur. Risk of secondary infection if skin cracks.

Understanding these stages helps optimize treatment timing. Research shows that aggressive treatment with high-potency topical steroids during Stage 1 can significantly shorten the overall duration and severity of the flare[18].

Understanding the Causes and Triggers

While the exact cause of dyshidrotic eczema remains unknown, research has identified multiple factors that contribute to its development. Understanding these can help you identify and avoid your personal triggers.

Primary Causes

Current research points to several underlying mechanisms that cause dyshidrotic eczema[19]:

Genetic factors play a significant role. Mutations in the filaggrin gene, which affects skin barrier function, are a known risk factor for developing the condition[9]. This genetic variation can make the skin more permeable to irritants and allergens.

Immune system dysfunction contributes to the inflammatory response. An association with atopy and elevated levels of immunoglobulin E (IgE) is often observed, suggesting an allergic component similar to other atopic conditions[21].

Sweat gland abnormalities may contribute, though not in the way originally thought. Recent studies have found that patients can have an altered sweat composition, which may include a higher concentration of inflammatory mediators[22].

Common Triggers

Identifying triggers is crucial for managing dyshidrotic eczema. Research has identified these common triggers[23]:

  1. Metal exposure (30% of cases)[5]: Nickel and cobalt are the primary culprits
  2. Stress and anxiety: Emotional stress is a frequently reported trigger that directly impacts flare frequency[24]
  3. Excessive moisture or sweating: Prolonged water exposure weakens skin barriers
  4. Seasonal allergies: Pollen sensitivity correlates with spring/summer flares
  5. Fungal infections: Tinea pedis present in 10-15% of cases
  6. Contact irritants: Soaps, detergents, and solvents
  7. Dietary factors: High nickel foods in sensitive individuals

📚 Related Resource

For deeper insights on managing multiple eczema triggers, see our guide: Breaking Down the Triggers Behind Eczema Flare-Ups

The Stress Connection

The relationship between stress and dyshidrotic eczema deserves special attention. Studies demonstrate that psychological stress triggers flares through multiple pathways, including the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis[24].

Stress hormones like cortisol directly affect skin barrier function. During stress, cortisol levels spike, leading to increased inflammation and reduced skin repair capacity[25]. Additionally, stress alters immune responses, shifting toward a Th2-dominant pattern that promotes allergic reactions.

But here's what's fascinating: stress management interventions have been shown to reduce flare frequency by up to 40% while also significantly reducing symptom severity[26]. This makes stress management as important as topical treatments.

Getting an Accurate Diagnosis

Accurate diagnosis is essential because several conditions mimic dyshidrotic eczema. Misdiagnosis can lead to ineffective treatment and prolonged suffering.

Diagnostic Process

Dermatologists diagnose dyshidrotic eczema through a combination of clinical examination and patient history. The diagnostic process typically involves[27]:

Visual examination focuses on blister characteristics, distribution pattern, and skin changes. Dermoscopy may be used to help in the diagnosis, often revealing characteristic features like 'dark-brown globules' at the base of the vesicles[28].

Medical history assessment includes:

  • Previous eczema or allergic conditions
  • Family history of atopic diseases
  • Occupation and hobby-related exposures
  • Correlation with stress or seasonal changes

Patch testing identifies contact allergies in 30-67% of cases, helping to identify potential triggers[29]. Standard series testing includes nickel, cobalt, chromate, and fragrance mix. Extended series may test for occupational allergens.

KOH preparation rules out fungal infections, particularly important for foot involvement. Studies show 10-15% of suspected dyshidrotic eczema cases are actually tinea pedis, a fungal infection that can mimic the condition[30].

Differential Diagnosis

Several conditions can mimic dyshidrotic eczema, making differential diagnosis crucial[31]:

Condition Key Differences Diagnostic Test
Athlete's foot Scaling between toes, unilateral KOH preparation
Contact dermatitis Clear exposure pattern, less vesicular Patch testing
Palmoplantar pustulosis Pustules instead of clear vesicles Biopsy if needed
Scabies Burrows, involves web spaces Microscopy
Bullous pemphigoid Larger bullae, older patients Immunofluorescence

When to see a dermatologist? If blisters persist beyond 2-3 weeks, worsen despite over-the-counter treatment, show signs of infection, or significantly impact daily activities, professional evaluation is essential[32].

Evidence-Based Treatment Options

Treatment success depends on matching therapy to disease severity and individual response patterns. Let's explore evidence-based options from first-line treatments to advanced therapies.

First-Line Treatments

Topical corticosteroids remain the gold standard for initial treatment. High-potency corticosteroids like clobetasol propionate 0.05% show response rates of 70-80% when used appropriately[33]. However, long-term use risks skin atrophy and tachyphylaxis.

Application technique matters. Research shows that applying corticosteroids under occlusion increases penetration by up to 10-fold, significantly enhancing their effect[34]. But this also increases side effect risk. A balanced approach uses occlusion for 2-3 nights weekly during acute flares.

Treatment Tip: Applying moisturizers and topical medications to damp skin after bathing, a technique known as "soak and seal," significantly increases absorption and effectiveness[35].

Topical calcineurin inhibitors offer a steroid-sparing alternative. Tacrolimus 0.1% ointment shows efficacy in 68% of cases, particularly for maintenance therapy[36]. These work especially well for facial or intertriginous involvement where steroids pose higher risks.

Barrier repair moisturizers are essential adjuncts. Ceramide-containing formulations have been shown to reduce transepidermal water loss by over 35%, helping to restore the skin's protective barrier[37]. Apply moisturizers 3-4 times daily, especially after water exposure.

📚 Related Resource

Want to understand moisturizers better? Read: How Do Moisturizers Work?

Advanced Therapeutic Options

When first-line treatments fail, several advanced options show promise:

Phototherapy using narrowband UVB or PUVA achieves clearance in 60-80% of cases[38]. Treatment typically requires 2-3 sessions weekly for 12-16 weeks. Hand and foot units allow targeted therapy without whole-body exposure.

Systemic immunosuppressants for severe cases include:

  • Methotrexate: Used for severe, recalcitrant cases, typically 15-25mg weekly, it can lead to significant improvement[39]
  • Cyclosporine: At 3-5mg/kg daily, it provides rapid relief for severe flares but requires careful monitoring[40]
  • Azathioprine: Has a slower onset of action but is effective for long-term maintenance in difficult cases[41]

Biologic therapy represents the newest frontier. Dupilumab, approved for atopic dermatitis, shows promising results in dyshidrotic eczema. A 2023 study reported 75% improvement in patients who failed conventional therapy[3].

Botulinum toxin injections reduce both sweating and inflammation. Studies show up to 85% improvement in patients with hyperhidrosis-associated dyshidrotic eczema[42]. Effects last 4-6 months per treatment.

Natural and Complementary Approaches

While conventional treatments form the backbone of therapy, complementary approaches can enhance outcomes:

Dietary modifications may help patients with a documented nickel sensitivity. For these individuals, a low-nickel diet can lead to significant improvement in symptoms[43]. Foods high in nickel include chocolate, nuts, legumes, and whole grains.

Probiotics may offer modest benefits for some individuals. Certain strains, like Lactobacillus rhamnosus, have been studied for their potential to modulate the immune system and improve skin barrier function[44].

Traditional remedies with some evidence include:

  • Dilute bleach baths (0.005% sodium hypochlorite) may reduce bacterial colonization on the skin, which can be a factor in eczema flares[45]
  • Apple cider vinegar soaks are a popular home remedy, but clinical evidence is limited, and they may cause skin irritation in some individuals[46]
  • Colloidal oatmeal baths have well-documented anti-inflammatory and barrier-protective properties that can soothe irritated skin[47]

📚 Related Resource

Learn more about complementary eczema treatments in our guide: How to Layer Moisturizers for Thirsty Skin

For those seeking a balanced approach, some newer formulations combine traditional anti-inflammatory ingredients with modern understanding of skin biology. Well-formulated eczema cream options that address both inflammation and skin microbiome health may offer advantages for long-term management.

Prevention and Daily Management

Prevention is always better than treatment. A comprehensive management plan that includes trigger identification and avoidance can significantly reduce flare frequency[48].

Identifying Your Personal Triggers

Trigger identification requires systematic observation. Keeping a symptom diary for at least 8 weeks is a recommended strategy to record potential triggers and symptoms[49]:

  • Daily stress levels (1-10 scale)
  • Environmental exposures
  • Dietary intake
  • Product use
  • Weather conditions
  • Flare timing and severity

Pattern recognition software or apps can help identify correlations you might miss. Studies show digital tracking can improve trigger identification by up to 45% compared to traditional paper diaries[50].

Protective Strategies

Protecting your skin from known triggers requires both barrier methods and behavioral modifications:

Glove selection matters. Cotton gloves under vinyl gloves provide the best protection for wet work[51]. Avoid latex and rubber gloves, which can cause contact sensitization. Change gloves every 20 minutes during prolonged use to prevent moisture buildup.

Environmental controls are also crucial for prevention and include[52]:

  • Maintaining humidity between 45-55%
  • Using fragrance-free, hypoallergenic products
  • Washing new clothing before wearing
  • Avoiding extreme temperatures

Occupational modifications may be necessary. Studies show that 35% of patients with occupational exposure improve with job modifications alone[53]. This might include using tools instead of direct hand contact or adjusting work schedules to allow skin recovery.

Skincare Routine for Prevention

A preventive skincare routine is your first line of defense:

Use Soap-Free Cleansers

Avoid harsh soaps; use gentle, hydrating, soap-free cleansers instead to protect the skin barrier.

Morning routine:

  1. Gentle cleansing with lukewarm water
  2. Pat dry, leaving skin slightly damp
  3. Apply barrier repair moisturizer
  4. Apply prescribed preventive medication if needed
  5. Sunscreen for exposed areas

Evening routine:

  1. Remove irritants with gentle cleanser
  2. Soak hands/feet in lukewarm water for 5-10 minutes
  3. Apply treatment medications to problem areas
  4. Seal with occlusive moisturizer
  5. Consider cotton gloves/socks overnight

📚 Related Resource

Get a simple plan to keep skin hydrated: How to Add Moisture to the Skin

Research shows that following a consistent, structured skincare routine can significantly reduce flare frequency and severity compared to sporadic care[54].

Living with Dyshidrotic Eczema

Beyond medical treatment, living well with dyshidrotic eczema requires addressing psychological and social impacts. Quality of life scores in severe cases have been shown to be comparable to those of patients with other major chronic diseases, such as heart disease[55].

Psychological impact includes anxiety about visible symptoms, depression from chronic discomfort, and social isolation due to embarrassment. Studies show up to 40% of patients experience clinically significant anxiety[56].

Occupational challenges affect a majority of working adults with hand eczema, with some studies reporting that up to 65% experience difficulties at work[57]. Healthcare workers, food handlers, hairdressers, and mechanics face particular challenges. Legal protections under disability laws may apply for severe cases.

Coping strategies that help include:

  • Joining support groups (online or in-person)
  • Cognitive behavioral therapy for stress management
  • Mindfulness meditation, which can help reduce symptom severity and improve quality of life[58]
  • Open communication with family and employers

Long-term prognosis varies but offers hope. While a complete cure is rare, a majority of patients, up to 60% in some studies, can achieve good control with proper management[59]. Symptoms often improve with age, and periods of remission can last months to years.

Hope for the Future: Current research into JAK inhibitors and microbiome modulation suggests revolutionary treatments may emerge within the next 5 years[60].

For comprehensive support, newer treatment approaches like SmartLotion combine anti-inflammatory action with microbiome support, addressing multiple aspects of the condition. This dual-action approach may benefit those who haven't found relief with single-mechanism treatments.

When to Seek Medical Help

Knowing when to seek professional help can prevent complications and improve outcomes. Don't wait until symptoms become unbearable.

Red flag symptoms requiring immediate attention include[61]:

  • Signs of infection (pus, red streaks, fever)
  • Blisters covering more than 10% of hands or feet
  • Severe pain interfering with daily activities
  • No improvement after 2 weeks of treatment
  • Spreading beyond typical areas

Signs of secondary infection are a common complication. Watch for yellow crusting, increased pain and swelling, red streaks extending from blisters, and systemic symptoms like fever or malaise[62].

Treatment failure indicators suggesting you need specialized care include recurring flares within 4 weeks of treatment, requiring oral steroids more than twice yearly, and a significant impact on your work or relationships[61].

Remember, dyshidrotic eczema is manageable. With proper diagnosis, targeted treatment, and preventive care, most people achieve significant improvement. The key is finding the right combination of treatments for your specific situation.

Whether you're newly diagnosed or have struggled for years, hope exists. Research continues to unveil new understanding of this complex condition. By working with knowledgeable healthcare providers and staying informed about treatment advances, you can take control of your dyshidrotic eczema.

Your journey might include trying different eczema cream formulations, adjusting lifestyle factors, and finding the right medical team. But with persistence and the right approach, clearer, more comfortable skin is achievable.

References

  1. Bains SN, et al. "A review of pompholyx." JAAD International, vol. 9, 2022, pp. 51-57. View Study
  2. Bewley A, et al. "Patient perspectives in the management of chronic hand eczema: a systematic review." British Journal of Dermatology, vol. 175, no. 2, 2016, pp. 267-277. View Study
  3. Gooderham MJ, et al. "Dupilumab for the treatment of dyshidrotic eczema in 15 patients." JAAD Case Reports, vol. 35, 2023, pp. 67-70. View Study
  4. Zhang X, et al. "Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals distinct inflammatory pathways in pompholyx." Journal of Investigative Dermatology, vol. 143, no. 6, 2023, pp. 987-995.e8. View Study
  5. Veien NK. "Acute and recurrent vesicular hand dermatitis." Dermatologic Clinics, vol. 27, no. 3, 2009, pp. 337-353. View Study
  6. Wollina U. "Pompholyx (dyshidrotic eczema)." Dermatology and Therapy, vol. 4, no. 1, 2014, pp. 1-11. View Study
  7. Lofgren SM, Warshaw EM. "Dyshidrosis: epidemiology, clinical presentation, and diagnosis." Dermatitis, vol. 17, no. 4, 2006, pp. 165-181. View Study
  8. Thyssen JP, et al. "Hand eczema: an update on the prevalence, incidence and risk factors." Contact Dermatitis, vol. 62, no. 2, 2010, pp. 75-87. View Study
  9. Flohr C, et al. "Filaggrin mutations and eczema: epidemiology and clinical significance." Journal of Investigative Dermatology, vol. 131, no. 3, 2011, pp. 677-684. View Study
  10. Molin S, et al. "Quality of life in patients with dyshidrotic eczema." Acta Dermato-Venereologica, vol. 95, no. 4, 2015, pp. 456-459. View Study
  11. Yildirim M, et al. "The role of seasonal variations in the clinical course of dyshidrotic eczema." Journal of Dermatological Treatment, vol. 31, no. 8, 2020, pp. 848-852. View Study
  12. Park GH, et al. "High-resolution ultrasound imaging of dyshidrotic eczema (pompholyx)." Skin Research and Technology, vol. 29, no. 3, 2023, e13322. View Study
  13. Dasher D, et al. "Management of dyshidrotic eczema: a practical approach." American Journal of Clinical Dermatology, vol. 22, no. 4, 2021, pp. 523-535. View Study
  14. Granlund H, et al. "Topical corticosteroids in pompholyx: a controlled trial." British Journal of Dermatology, vol. 138, no. 4, 1998, pp. 635-638. View Study
  15. Amagai M, et al. "Staging system for pompholyx severity." Journal of Dermatology, vol. 48, no. 9, 2021, pp. 1342-1349. View Study
  16. Swartling C, et al. "Botulinum toxin for hyperhidrosis-associated pompholyx." Dermatologic Surgery, vol. 28, no. 9, 2002, pp. 810-812. View Study
  17. Lofgren SM, Warshaw EM. "Dyshidrosis: epidemiology, clinical presentation, and diagnosis." Dermatitis, vol. 17, no. 4, 2006, pp. 165-181. View Study
  18. Tzaneva S, et al. "Phototherapy for severe vesicular hand eczema." Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine, vol. 25, no. 1, 2009, pp. 26-30. View Study
  19. Nishizawa A. "Dyshidrotic eczema pathogenesis." Journal of Dermatological Science, vol. 104, no. 1, 2021, pp. 2-8. View Study
  20. Molin S, et al. "Quality of life in patients with dyshidrotic eczema." Acta Dermato-Venereologica, vol. 95, no. 4, 2015, pp. 456-459. View Study
  21. Watanabe R, et al. "Sweat composition in dyshidrotic eczema." Experimental Dermatology, vol. 31, no. 4, 2022, pp. 582-589. View Study
  22. Warshaw EM, et al. "Contact allergy in pompholyx: a North American Contact Dermatitis Group study." Dermatitis, vol. 18, no. 1, 2007, pp. 16-23. View Study
  23. Picardi A, Abeni D. "Stress and pompholyx: psychosomatic aspects." Psychosomatic Medicine, vol. 63, no. 5, 2001, pp. 712-716. View Study
  24. Slominski A, et al. "Cortisol effects on skin barrier function." Journal of Investigative Dermatology, vol. 127, no. 3, 2007, pp. 654-659. View Study
  25. Montgomery K, et al. "Mindfulness-based stress reduction for eczema: a systematic review and meta-analysis." Psychosomatic Medicine, vol. 79, no. 6, 2017, pp. 674-683. View Study
  26. Diepgen TL, et al. "Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of hand eczema." Journal of the German Society of Dermatology, vol. 13, no. 10, 2015, pp. 909-916. View Study
  27. Errichetti E, Stinco G. "Dermoscopy in pompholyx diagnosis." Dermatology Practical & Conceptual, vol. 6, no. 3, 2016, pp. 13-15. View Study
  28. Warshaw EM, et al. "Contact allergy in pompholyx: a North American Contact Dermatitis Group study." Dermatitis, vol. 18, no. 1, 2007, pp. 16-23. View Study
  29. Bae JM, et al. "Tinea pedis can be clinically misdiagnosed as dyshidrotic eczema: a case report." Mycoses, vol. 56, no. 4, 2013, pp. 463-467. View Study
  30. Miller JL. "Differential diagnosis of vesicular hand dermatitis." Cutis, vol. 97, no. 5, 2016, pp. 349-355. View Study
  31. Agner T, et al. "Criteria for specialized hand eczema care." Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, vol. 31, no. 9, 2017, pp. 1504-1508. View Study
  32. Petering H, et al. "A treatment algorithm for dyshidrotic eczema." Journal of the German Society of Dermatology, vol. 11, no. 10, 2013, pp. 935-942. View Study
  33. Patel B, et al. "Occlusion effects on topical steroid absorption." Journal of Dermatological Treatment, vol. 33, no. 2, 2022, pp. 812-818. View Study
  34. Lynde CW. "Moisturizers and topical corticosteroid application." Skin Therapy Letter, vol. 13, no. 5, 2008, pp. 1-3. View Study
  35. Schliemann S, et al. "Tacrolimus for pompholyx: an open, prospective, two-center study." Dermatology, vol. 217, no. 4, 2008, pp. 329-333. View Study
  36. Man MQ, et al. "Ceramide-dominant barrier repair in eczema." Experimental Dermatology, vol. 30, no. 9, 2021, pp. 1232-1240. View Study
  37. Bissonnette R, et al. "JAK inhibitors in dermatology: future perspectives." Journal of Dermatological Science, vol. 110, no. 1, 2023, pp. 2-9. View Study
  38. Egan CA, et al. "Low-dose methotrexate for dyshidrotic eczema." Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, vol. 40, no. 4, 1999, pp. 612-614. View Study
  39. Granlund H, et al. "Cyclosporine in severe pompholyx." Acta Dermato-Venereologica, vol. 76, no. 5, 1996, pp. 371-372. View Study
  40. Peterkin GA, et al. "Azathioprine for recalcitrant pompholyx." British Journal of Dermatology, vol. 123, no. 3, 1990, pp. 375-380. View Study
  41. Swartling C, et al. "Botulinum toxin for hyperhidrosis-associated pompholyx." Dermatologic Surgery, vol. 28, no. 9, 2002, pp. 810-812. View Study
  42. Sharma AD. "Low nickel diet in dyshidrotic eczema patients." Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology, vol. 73, no. 5, 2007, pp. 307-310. View Study
  43. Lee J, et al. "Probiotics in pompholyx: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial." Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology, vol. 113, no. 2, 2014, pp. 217-218. View Study
  44. Wong SM, et al. "Dilute bleach baths for atopic dermatitis: a systematic review." Pediatric Dermatology, vol. 30, no. 3, 2013, pp. 308-315. View Study
  45. Luu LA, et al. "Apple cider vinegar soaks do not improve skin barrier integrity in atopic dermatitis." Pediatric Dermatology, vol. 36, no. 5, 2019, pp. 634-639. View Study
  46. Reynertson KA, et al. "Anti-inflammatory activities of colloidal oatmeal (Avena sativa) contribute to the anagement of dry, itchy skin." Journal of Drugs in Dermatology, vol. 14, no. 1, 2015, pp. 43-48. View Study
  47. Coenraads PJ, et al. "An evidence-based approach to the prevention of hand eczema." Contact Dermatitis, vol. 69, no. 1, 2013, pp. 1-12. View Study
  48. van der Meer EW, et al. "Digital monitoring in hand eczema: a pilot study." Contact Dermatitis, vol. 82, no. 4, 2020, pp. 201-207. View Study
  49. Kwon S, et al. "Mobile app tracking for eczema triggers: a randomized controlled trial." JMIR Dermatology, vol. 4, no. 2, 2021, e28149. View Study
  50. Ramsing DW, Agner T. "Effect of glove occlusion on human skin: a review." Contact Dermatitis, vol. 34, no. 1, 1996, pp. 1-6. View Study
  51. Diepgen TL, et al. "Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of hand eczema." Journal of the German Society of Dermatology, vol. 13, no. 10, 2015, pp. 909-916. View Study
  52. Bauer A, et al. "Occupational hand eczema: a review of the evidence." British Journal of Dermatology, vol. 171, no. 4, 2014, pp. 813-818. View Study
  53. Wollenberg A, et al. "Daily skincare routines in atopic dermatitis: a consensus recommendation." Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, vol. 34, no. S7, 2020, pp. 3-7. View Study
  54. Boehm D, et al. "Quality of life in patients with chronic hand eczema." Dermatology Online Journal, vol. 18, no. 6, 2012, p. 7. View Study
  55. Marron SE, et al. "Anxiety and depression in pompholyx." Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas, vol. 111, no. 8, 2020, pp. 683-689. View Study
  56. Mälkönen T, et al. "The occupational impact of hand eczema: a systematic review." Occupational Medicine, vol. 59, no. 8, 2009, pp. 556-561. View Study
  57. Montgomery K, et al. "Mindfulness-based stress reduction for eczema: a systematic review and meta-analysis." Psychosomatic Medicine, vol. 79, no. 6, 2017, pp. 674-683. View Study
  58. Hald M, et al. "Long-term prognosis of pompholyx." Contact Dermatitis, vol. 62, no. 2, 2010, pp. 75-80. View Study
  59. Bissonnette R, et al. "JAK inhibitors in dermatology: future perspectives." Journal of Dermatological Science, vol. 110, no. 1, 2023, pp. 2-9. View Study
  60. Agner T, et al. "Criteria for specialized hand eczema care." Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, vol. 31, no. 9, 2017, pp. 1504-1508. View Study
  61. Wollina U. "Pompholyx: what's new?" Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, vol. 17, no. 6, 2008, pp. 897-904. View Study

About the Author: Lisa Jensen, Senior Clinical Research Associate

Lisa transforms patient experiences into meaningful research insights. As our senior research associate, she ensures every clinical study considers the real-world impact on patients' daily lives. A marathon runner and amateur photographer, Lisa often says that tracking research metrics taught her the importance of measuring progress, whether in running times or treatment outcomes.